The deposition efficiency and pressure drop of inertial IMPACTOR WITH VARIABLE AREA has been studied numerically and experimentally. The effect of volumetric flow rate, vertical barrier, oblique barrier and flexible concave plate versus deposition and impaction efficiency and pressure drop is investigated. Numerical simulation is carried out WITH DPM (discrete phase method) and turbulent model of SST k-ω . To validate the numerical results a special test rig is designed to study the deposition efficiency of engine oil droplets (blow-by) WITH a diameter of 0. 1 to 6 μ m. Experimental Tests are done in 8, 12, 16 and 20 L/min. To ensure the accuracy of the experimental results, all the tests are repeated at least three times for each volumetric flow rate. Gravimetric method is implemented to calculate the deposition efficiency. According to the results, the deposition efficiency is obtained between 73 and 94 percent for different mentioned IMPACTORs and different volumetric flow rate. The numerical results are confirmed by experimental results. Using the barriers increase the efficiency maximum 6 percent in different volumetric flow rate. The results show that by reducing the distance between the vertical barrier and the outlet of nozzle, the deposition and impaction efficiency are increased. Also, the Concave flexible plate WITH vertical barrier located at 1 mm from the outlet of nozzle is the most efficient case.

In this study, performance of oil droplet separator in crankcase ventilation system for three engines, Ford-Ecoboost (IMPACTOR WITH VARIABLE AREA), Nissan-vq37de (inertial IMPACTOR), and Peugeot-Xu7 (cyclone) at the same volumetric flow rate has been studied experimentally. Because of the complexities of geometrical and functional in internal combustion engines, a test rig is designed to study the separation of engine oil droplets WITH a diameter of 0.1 to 10 mm of gas leakage (blow-by), in this experiment, a special oil atomizer implemented for the production of micro droplets, similar to the drops in engine blow-by. Tests were done in two volumetric flow rate 16 and 24 L/min. To ensure the accuracy of the results of designed test rig, all the tests were repeated at least three times for each volumetric flow rate. Gravimetric method was implemented to estimate the separation efficiency. According to the results of the tests it was found that the separation efficiency of IMPACTOR WITH VARIABLE AREA is better than similar models, so that at the same flow rate of two phase air-oil flow, efficiency of IMPACTOR WITH VARIABLE AREA is almost eight times that of similar models. In this article, pressure drops of flow of the mentioned separators were also measured experimentally. Although the efficiency of IMPACTOR WITH VARIABLE AREA is more than the other IMPACTORs but its pressure drop is lower than Nissan’s IMPACTOR.

Due to the lack of laboratory studies in the field of detection of aerosols and dust in Iran and in Yazd, in this study, using laboratory methods such as Cascade IMPACTOR, a vacuum pump for sampling aerosols, Rotameter and other laboratory materials in the field samples have been analyzed for characteristics of dust particles such as PM10 and PM2.5 particles, and then the particle concentration has been obtained by weighing the specimens. Qualitative and quantitative studies of aerosols existing inside the dust storms is an effective procedure to identify their environmental effects and source detection. Increasing the frequency of these phenomena in desert AREAs WITH hot and dry climates, such as Yazd province, is another aspect of climate change, in that dry climates that are getting drier. On the other hand, increasing temperature due to global warming result in the extension of deserts. The main purpose of this study is identification and comparison of some the physical and chemical characteristics of aerosols existing inside dust storms WITH model results. For this purpose, we used 7-stage cascade IMPACTOR, WITH specific sampling rate and laboratory methods, aligned WITH PM2.5 and PM10 data. In this study, four days of storms (3 and 23 May, 29 August and 29 September 2018) were examined. At first, WITH the use of 7-stage cascade IMPACTOR, aerosols of dust storm in the range of 0.4-10 µm are collected in different stages and their values were compared WITH PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations of particles WITH the reported values of environmental and meteorological organizations of Yazd city. Cascade IMPACTOR works WITH a specific pump in that the sampling inflow of air is 28.4 L/min in that the inflow was adjusted WITH a mechanical rotameter. The weight of filters was measured before and after the sampling. These filters were placed in the desiccator in order to eliminate the humidity from them. The results showed the compatibility of 24-hour accumulation of hourly data WITH cascade IMPACTOR results. Then, WITH using atomic absorption spectrometry device, the values of heavy metals such as Pb, Al, Cd in the samples related to the storms of 29 August and 29 September were examined. In the August 29 test, the lead element was in the low enrichment range (EF <3), and the cadmium element in most filters was in the high enrichment range (10

Background and Objective: Environmental factors affecting the species are one of the most important topics in the science of ecology and understanding the influences of environmental VARIABLEs can help the protection of species especially endangered species. The purpose of this study was to identify habitat factors influencing the presence of lizard habitat in Alvand protected AREA.Method: Alvand protected AREA; WITH 8618 hectares survey is located in central province and Khomein city. In this paper, the studied AREA, in terms of geomorphology is divided to three types including, plain, hillside and mountainous AREA. Then all three type of habitats divided to cells WITH 50 50 size in Arc GIs 9.3, and ultimately 10 percent of these cells are selected randomly and will be considered and analyzed.Findings: The results of GGE biplot software for three groups of habitat plains, foothills, and mountainside showed that the most presence in plains habitat is dependent to Ophisops elegans species that VARIABLEs which influence the presence of these species are: the richness of vegetation, soil content, and the density of the vegetation and grit is the worst parameter for the presence of this species. In mountainside habitat, the most presence is dependent to the species Ophisops elegans and Paraloudakia Caucasia. And the most important parameter for Paraloudakia Caucasia is height and the percent of grift. Also for mountainside habitat species like Ophisops elegans, Paraloudakia Caucasiaand Loudakia nupta had the most presence.Discussion and Conclusion: Results obtained from this study illustrated that especially Ophisops elegansand Paraloudakia Caucasia species WITH percent of rock and Loudakia nupta WITH vegitation enrichment, the density of vegetation, the percent of grit, and height, respectively showed presence.

The aim of the study in the Loveh forest was to compare two cases of sampling WITH the sample plots of constant AREA (lO-are) and the sample plots of the VARIABLE AREA (Relascope) considering the parameters of statistical precision and the measuring required time. The quantities for the parameters such as measuring time, number in hectare and basal AREA in hectare have been compared WITH the quantities measured by the complete enemuration. The following results rave been obtained: The required time for the complete enemuration in the measured AREA (116 hectares) has been equal to 17842 minutes, in the case of sampling WITH the 10-are sample plots to 2879. 30 minutes, and in the case of sampling WITH the VARIABLE sample plots to 2433.9 minutes. The actual mean of the number in hectare (measured by complete enemuration) equals 323.8 and in two eases of sampling WITH sample plots of constant AREA and the sample plots of VARIABLE AREA is equal to 321.8 and 292.9 respectively which - in both cases - the confidence limit calculated for the parameters of the number in hectare involve the actual mean of the number in hectare. The actual mean of basal AREA in hectare is equal to 28.08 square meters and in the two cases of sampling is equal to 28.61 and 21.82 square meters respectively. In the case of sampling WITH the 10- are sample plots, the calculate confidence limit for the parameter of basal AREA in hectare involves the actual mean. However, in the case of sampling WITH the sample plots of the VARIABLE AREA, the above confidence limit doesn't involve the actual mean. Lack of precision measuring WITH the relascope in the Loveh forest can be seen in the intense understory of these forests by the bush and shrub species which prevent us from seeing to the diameter of the breast height. In addition, the topographical position of the AREA in some parts has prevented precise measuring by the relascope. Generally, the sampling WITH the sample plots of the constant AREA, compared WITH the two cases above mentioned sampling, has been closer to the reality and more suitable for the measuring of the forest.

A B S T R A C TThe purpose of this study is to measure the level of sustainability of residential complexes in Gorgan and to identify the impact of social capital and its dimensions on the concept of housing sustainability. The research method is descriptive and survey type. The statistical population of the research includes all the residential complexes of Gorgan city, of which 268 cases were determined using Cochran's formula as a statistical sample and were selected and studied using the two-stage cluster sampling method.. A researcher-made questionnaire WITH an answer package was used to collect data. Its validity was confirmed using the formal method and its reliability using Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the concept of social capital (α = 0.879) and housing sustainability (α = 0.810), respectively. The findings showed that there is a significant positive relationship between social capital and its dimensions WITH the dependent VARIABLE, i.e. housing sustainability VARIABLE and its four dimensions. The results showed that the integrated model in the present study was able to explain the relationship between social capital and the concept of housing sustainability to an acceptable extent. Therefore, this model can be useful for other urban AREAs of the countryExtended AbstractIntroductionThe home is the source and destination of all human life; and man leaves it for work and social activity, and after doing it and gaining experience, he returns home. Therefore, the category of housing is a broad and complex category that has various dimensions. This concept, in addition to the place in the physical concept, includes all the services and facilities needed by an individual or family that need it to live. To this end, housing planning requires in-depth studies in various social, cultural and historical fields. Today, the mere attention to the economy, many human, social, indigenous and cultural values have been lost in the course of these unprincipled constructions that have grown and are growing at an unprecedented rate. Hence, housing architecture does not simply mean designing or constructing space for human life; For this reason, in housing architecture, especially social housing, apart from the design of human habitation, other dimensions of human life and habitation must also be considered. Based on what has been mentioned, in our country, today most of the economic dimension and consequently a small increase in the construction and architecture of residential complexes and other dimensions of sustainable development, including social, cultural, physical and The environment is neglected. Lack of adequate housing, as housing that has the least incompatibility WITH the natural environment around it and in a wider AREA WITH the region and the world; it creates problems for the city and its residents. Meanwhile, residential complexes in Gorgan are no exception to this rule. Complexes that are designed WITH only the economic dimension in mind, the result of which is the construction of housing in different parts of the city, which has the least coordination and compatibility WITH other aspects of sustainable development. Given the above, the importance of the present study, attention to the principles of sustainable development and the need to create and expand social capital for human societies, in the space that was drawn is very important. MethodologyAccording to the purpose of the research and the level of data analysis, the survey method has been used to collect data. For this purpose, a researcher-made questionnaire was used to obtain information. The statistical population of the study includes all residential complexes in Gorgan. The sample size is 268 based on Cochran's logical formula. Two-stage cluster random sampling method is used. So that the statistical population is divided into clusters and homogeneous groups and then the quota of groups or clusters is determined in proportion to the frequency distribution of each cluster. In the next step, residential complexes are selected as a statistical sample from each cluster. To verify the validity of the tool, the formal validation method (referring to professors and specialists) has been used. Cronbach's alpha method was also used to determine the reliability of the instrument. Results and discussionAccording to the results of t-test, it can be said that the social capital index is not desirable. The average of social capital index is lower than the hypothetical average. This means that the amount of social capital of the residents of residential complexes in Gorgan is not at the desired level. This is if the level of stability of residential complexes in Gorgan is at a desirable level. Also, there is a significant relationship between housing sustainability and social capital. And the order of the effect of social capital VARIABLE on the dimensions of economic, social, physical and environmental sustainability. Based on the results of the probability ratio of the Chi-square value model is less than 0.01, it can be said that the regression model is a good model in which independent VARIABLEs are well able to explain the changes of the dependent VARIABLE. The results of hierarchical regression analysis showed that the estimated value of the social interaction VARIABLE is equal to 1.184, which shows that assuming the effect of all model VARIABLEs remains constant, an increase in the independent social interaction VARIABLE increases by 1.184 units. In logarithmic ratios, the dependent VARIABLE (housing stability) will be associated. Prioritization of the effectiveness of the studied factors indicates that the factor of formal participation has the first place in determining the sustainability of housing. After this factor, the mental class factor is in the second place, then the residential home ownership factor is in the third place. ConclusionOne of the issues that has attracted everyone's attention in recent decades is housing and its sustainable development, which is in line WITH human development. An important point that has been addressed in the documents of the Second Human Settlement Summit is the importance of the role of sustainable housing and the provision of adequate housing for the people in the development process. Various factors such as architectural style, climate, geography and customs are influential in housing design in different places. In the meantime, the role of social factors or in other words social capital cannot be ignored; Because social capital is rooted in the structure and social norms of society and is generally a combination of trust, communication network, social norms and social relations at the individual and community level. Accordingly, the main purpose of this study is to measure the social capital of residents and the sustainability of residential complexes in Gorgan. Based on the results, the four dimensions of the dependent VARIABLE are affected by the social capital VARIABLE. This means that the existence of concepts such as trust, interaction, participation, etc. in residential complexes, can provide the stability of the residential complex. As long as the residents of a complex have an effective and reciprocal relationship WITH each other, the stability of the residential complex is provided; Residents to protect the complex facilities, provide security, visual beauty, hygiene and cleanliness, rehabilitate or create space Green and ... will interact and participate WITH each other.FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Introduction: Evaluating the effectiveness of the treatment method is possible when the model has been closer to reality. In experiments that need fixation of the spinal cord, the conventional method is to suspend the rostral and caudal spine via clamps attached to spinous processes. However, the slip and displacement of the spinal cord were high, which can significantly influence the model's outcome. So, this study aims to introduce a new design to stabilize the vertebra completely for the rat spinal cord injury (SCI) model. Methods: Twenty-three female Sprague Dawley rats randomly were assigned to control (intact spinal cord), unstabilized-SCI, and stabilized-SCI groups. Functional recovery was assessed using the Basso Beattie Bresnahan (BBB) test for four weeks. The success rate of the moderate model was calculated based on BBB score in the 7-days post-injury. Then, the spinal cords were evaluated by Luxol Fast Blue and Hematoxylin-Eosin (LFB/HE) staining to show lesion morphology Results: The BBB score of the stabilized-SCI indicated moderate SCI that had a significant difference (P<0. 05) compared to the unstabilized-SCI which showed nonmoderate SCI. The success rate of the moderate model in stabilized-SCI was 80%, whereas in the unstabilized-SCI method was 30%. The LFB/HE staining in stabilized-SCI showed the epicenter's rostral and caudal lesions demyelination. In contrast, in the unstabilized-SCI, demyelination was only detected in the lesion site, and the rostral and caudal spinal columns were intact. Conclusion: The introduced device could make consistent functional deficits and was able to make an effective force to perform the spinal cord injury.

Counter-urbanization has been defined WITH many definitions in research literature as increasing of the small town population in the process of urban expansion and development. This study investigates the counter-urbanization process in Isfahan metropolitan AREA based on an exploratory method using the population and immigration data, diurnal commuting, and the immigration motivators. The results show that, during different periods, population growth has been changed from the greater cities’ metropolitan AREA to the small towns. So that, there is less population growth near the main greater cities during the last decade. Regarding the immigration as well as migration effectiveness over the population, and immigration motivators, it can be said that the most important parameters of small towns’ expansion near the greater cities are better habitation opportunities, and finding better jobs. Furthermore, decreasing the diurnal commuting close to the greater cities shows that small towns, which are farther from the greater city, have more autonomy. In addition, based on polarization reversal model, and population development investigation in metropolitan AREAs, there are population development from the greater cities’ centre to the periphery AREA, which is leaded to decrease the population of the main greater city, and increase the population absorption in small towns. Consequently, the urbanization of Isfahan metropolitan AREA has entered to a counter-urbanization phase.

This study presents the response of twill glass fiber-epoxy laminates enhanced WITH different nanomaterials (0. 5 wt%) subjected to high-velocity ice impact. The mechanical properties and ice impact performance of specimens were evaluated on different nanomaterials. The effect of the amine-functionalized carbon nanotubes (AFCNTs) on the ice impact behaviour was studied. To investigate the effect of manufacturing method of nano-glass fiber-epoxy laminated plates, hand lay-up and vacuum infusion process (VIP) were employed, and ice impact resistance of the laminated plates was measured by high-velocity (138 m/s) ice impact tests. The VIP method resulted in inappropriate distribution of nanomaterial into epoxy resin, therefore hand lay-up method was selected for manufacturing of the laminated plates reinforced WITH nanomaterials. Moreover, 9. 2 g cylindrical ice IMPACTOR WITH flat, hemispherical and conical tips was manufactured to investigate the effect of ice IMPACTOR nose shapes in the same level of energy (96. 7 J). The failure modes and damage AREA were reported for all specimens. Scanning electron microscopy was utilized to describe morphology of nanomaterials on laminated plates. The results showed that the damage formation in specimens depends on the type of nanomaterial used. It was concluded that the multi-walled carbon nanotubes improved the ice impact response by restricting the damage AREA in laminated plates. A significant decrease in the absorbed energy capability of specimen WITH AFCNTs was observed under ice impact loading. The conical ice projectile provided a lower level of damage compared to the hemispherical and flat ice projectiles.